A Media Access Control (MAC) address is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller for use in network communications. On a ChromeOS device, this address serves to identify the specific Chromebook on a network. Finding this address is a useful troubleshooting step when addressing network connectivity issues, or for identifying the Chromebook on a school or corporate network, for example.
Knowing the MAC address can be important for various reasons. Network administrators often utilize MAC addresses for network security measures, such as filtering devices allowed on a network. It can also be required when registering a device on a network that uses MAC address authentication. The address provides a level of specificity that other network identifiers, like an IP address, do not.